Egyptian authorities must immediately end their crackdown on individuals who discuss religious beliefs online, Amnesty International said on Thursday, warning that prosecutions and arrests under broadly worded laws are violating the rights to freedom of religion and expression. The statement urges a halt to arbitrary arrests, and respect for freedom of religion and belief in accordance with international human rights obligations.
Security forces in Egypt have in recent years intensified arrests of individuals accused of offenses such as “contempt of religion” or “spreading extremist ideas” on the basis of social media posts, online videos, or even private digital communications discussing faith, atheism, or religious interpretation. Targeted groups include atheists, converts, members of unrecognized religious groups, and Muslims whose views diverge from state-sanctioned interpretations of Islam.
Several cases were documented by Amnesty wherein individuals were detained, interrogated, and prosecuted solely for expressing personal beliefs online, without advocating violence or discrimination. In many instances, charges were brought under provisions of the Penal Code and the Cybercrime Law that criminalize content considered harmful to “public order” or “religious values.” These laws, Amnesty stated, are routinely applied to suppress peaceful expression and opinions rather than addressing genuine threats.
Local civil society reporting supports these findings. Egyptian rights advocates have noted that the scope of the security crackdown has expanded beyond recognized religious minorities to encompass non-religious individuals and Ahmadi Muslims accused of holding dissenting theological views and being associated with terrorist organizations. Arrests are frequently accompanied by invasive practices such as online surveillance, searches of personal devices, and prolonged pretrial detention on national security grounds.
A 2025 report by a European-based human rights organization detailed repeated arrests and prosecutions affecting religious minorities and individuals accused of unorthodox beliefs, concluding that such practices undermine freedom of religion or belief. It also recorded cases involving members of an unrecognised religious movement who were subjected to police raids and detention for peaceful religious activities.
Broader concerns about religious freedom in Egypt have been raised over the past decade. Previous investigations have documented mass attacks on churches and persistent failures by authorities to adequately protect religious minorities, contributing to a climate of fear, discrimination, and impunity. While distinct from online expression cases, rights groups argue that these incidents form part of an environment wherein religious diversity is inadequately protected.
Regional human rights research has echoed these concerns. A study on the Euro-Mediterranean region found that Egyptian authorities continue to criminalize peaceful expression related to religion or belief, particularly in digital spaces, through security-focused approaches that conflate personal belief with threats to national stability.
