FORUM

A number of organizations and people have asked us about alternatives to the use of military force, the legality of the United States employing military force, and what can and should be done under international law. Set forth below are some principles that should guide the United States' actions and some steps the United States can and should take short of using force.

We will not here describe in detail the policy reasons as to why the use of military force is inadvisable. Others have addressed this issue at length. Suffice it to say that military force 1) kills civilians; 2) has the potential to destabilize countries such as Pakistan; 3) widens the divide between the United States and Islamic nations; 4) sows the seeds of future terrorism; and 5) will not make us or anyone in the world safer.

We also understand that the proposal set forth below does not address crimes committed by the United States government and some, therefore, might see it as one-sided. As lawyers who have spent our professional lives trying to make the U.S. accountable for its crimes, we will continue to do so. However, we believe that at this point it is crucial to prevent a unilateral and disproportionate response by the United States. Reliance upon the U.N. has the potential to do that; it will also provide a forum for the trials of those suspected of terrorism and crimes against humanity. We recognize that our suggestions are not long-term solutions. Those will only come when the government of the United States and others recognize that they must change their policies and make a more just world.

Key International Law Principles and an Alternative To the Use of Military Force

1. The U.N. Charter prohibits the use of force except in matters of self-defense. Article 2(4) and Article 51.

   A country is not permitted to use military force for purposes of retaliation, vengeance, and punishment. In other words, unless a future attack on the United States is imminent, it cannot use military force. This means that even if the United States furnishes evidence as to the authors of the September 11 attack it cannot use military force against them. To this extent the congressional resolution authorizing the President to use force against the perpetrators of the attack on September 11 is a violation of international law. Instead, the U.S. must employ other means including extradition, and resolutions of the Security Council, which could eventually authorize the use of force to effectuate the arrest of suspects.

   The United States will argue that the attack on September 11 was an armed attack on the United States and that it has the right to use self-defense against that attack. Even though the attack is over, it presumably would claim that those who initiated the attack were responsible for prior attacks and are planning such attacks in the future. At the same time, President Bush has stated that the “war” on terrorism would be lengthy, implying that it would go on for years.

   In order to rely on this self-defense claim the U.S. would need to present evidence to the Security Council not only as to the perpetrators of the September 11 attack, but evidence that future attacks are planned and imminent. They have not yet done so. Even if the U.S. can put forth a legitimate self-defense claim, it is still to the U.N. Security Council where they ought to turn. Even in cases of self-defense, and particularly when there is sufficient time-two weeks have passed since the attack and President Bush says we are in for a “lengthy” battle-turning to the Security Council may be required. It is certainly better policy and more in keeping with the U.N. Charter to do so.

2. The U.N. Security Council has the authority and the responsibility at all times “to take any actions as it deems necessary in order to restore international peace and security.” Article 51.

   The Security Council can establish an international tribunal to try those suspected of involvement in the September 11 attacks as it did with regard to Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia and request the extradition of suspects. It could apply sanctions to countries that refuse to comply as it did successfully against Libya-a strategy that resulted in the trials in Scotland. It can establish a U.N. force to effectuate arrests, prevent attacks or to counter aggression. Articles 41-50. Measures the Security Council can employ include interruptions of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio communications and severance of diplomatic relations. Article 41. It could apply sanctions to banks that refuse to cooperate in a freeze on the assets of suspects.

In light of these principles these are the actions the U.S. should immediately undertake:

1. Convene a meeting of the Security Council.

2. Request the establishment of an international tribunal with authority to seek out, extradite or arrest and try those responsible for the September 11 attack and those who commit or are conspiring to commit future attacks

3. Establish an international military or police force under the control of U.N. and which can effectuate the arrests of those responsible for the September 11 attacks and those who commit or are conspiring to commit future attacks. No such arrests should be authorized unless clear and convincing evidence is presented to the Security Council. It is crucial that any authorization to use force to effectuate arrests or prevent future attacks should be under control of the U.N. It must not be a mere fig leaf for the United States as was the case in the war against Iraq. In no case should the Security Council give a blank check to the United States to use force; in all cases it must retain control of the options employed.

We are hopeful that the U.N. alternative offers a way out of the violent course our nation is currently embarked upon. We see little risk in taking the steps we have outlined. We see great danger in ignoring the process that provides a path away from violence and toward peace.

September 27, 2001

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Discussion

• The denials by bin Laden and Saddam Hussein that they had anything to do with the terrorist attacks, plus the absence of anyone coming forth to claim "credit" for the September 11 atrocities, suggest to me that President Bush is probably right in characterizing this as a war against the United States. For the first time, we are in a war with an inchoate state--a group of people around the world who are in contact with each other and presumably owe allegiance to a central authority, but who claim no defined territory. It may be a new concept of "war," but it builds upon, and extends, the classic concept. The idea of "no safe harbor" is a variation on the nineteenth century international law of belligerency and neutrality.

  Professors Ratner and Lobel are justifiably worried about excessive reaction. And they probably are skeptical about claims of "national security" that bring back the false pleas of Richard Nixon and our military initiatives in Nicaragua and Guatemala. But Sept. 11th occasioned an attack on the United States itself by people who seem to me to be engaged in an outright war against us. These were armed attacks, as were the previous attacks on our embassies in Africa. We're facing a continuing war.

  My view may in the minority, but I think that by calling it a "war" and reacting in defense of our national interest, all the constraints of the laws of war and humanitarian law are invoked and implicated, and the result may be the kind of targeted focus on the perpetrators that I believe would be welcomed by Professors Lobel and Ratner.

  Anthony D'Amato
  Northwestern Law School
  USA